Nhật Bản có 4 loại bảng chữ cái và cách dùng khác nhau:
1. Hiragana
Được sử dụng phiên âm những chữ Hán tự, là hệ thống chữ mềm cơ bản cấu tạo nên tiếng Nhật, dành cho các em mẫu giáo mới bắt đầu tập viết. Chữ Hiragana chiếm một vị trí quan trọng trong tiếng Nhật. không học được bảng Hiragana thì sẽ không học được tiếng Nhật.
Hơn nữa, tiếng Nhật sử dụng chữ Hán để thể hiện ý nghĩa của câu, chữ Hiragana được dùng làm chức năng ngữ pháp, có nghĩa là Hiragana được sử dụng để biểu thị mối quan hệ, chức năng trong câu của các chữ Hán. Ví dụ, chữ Hán “thực” (食), thêm Hiragana vào, ta sẽ có 食べる nghĩa là “ăn”, 食べている là “đang ăn”, 食べたい là “muốn ăn”, 食べた là “Đã ăn”, 食べて là “ăn đi!”, 食べない là “không ăn”,… Vì lí do đó, tất cả các trợ từ trong tiếng Nhật đều là hiragana. Tất cả các từ chữ Hán đều có thể được viết dưới dạng hiragana, nên chỉ dùng hiragana không vẫn đủ để viết tiếng Nhật, tuy nhiên như vậy sẽ gây khó khăn khi đọc hiểu. Kanji được dùng để đảm bảo sự rõ ràng và trực tiếp của ý nghĩa, nếu toàn dùng Hiragana mà không có chữ Kanji thì sẽ rất khó hiểu ý nghĩa của câu.
2. Katakana
Phiên âm những từ tiếng nước ngoài, là hệ thống chữ nét cứng thường để phiên âm các từ vay mượn tiếng Anh, tên người nước ngoài , rất hay dùng trong đời sống và sử dụng với chữ Kanji để tạo ra nghĩa . Ngoài ra katakana còn được dùng để nhấn mạnh, đặc biệt đối với các ký hiệu, quảng cáo, áp phích. Ví dụ, chúng ta có thể sẽ nhìn thấy chữ “ココ” – koko – (“ở đây”) hay ゴミ gomi (“rác”). Những từ muốn nhấn mạnh trong câu đôi khi cũng được viết bằng katakana.
3. Romaiji
Dùng để phiên âm chữ la tinh cho những người chưa biết gì về Tiếng Nhật cũng có thể học được. Dạng chữ này rất phổ biến khi các bạn tìm Lyric của các bài hát tiếng Nhật . Người Nhật rất ít khi dùng loại chữ này, khi và chỉ khi phiên âm cho người nước ngoài đọc được, hoặc viết tên file trên máy tính hoặc viết tên website.
4. Kanji
Chữ Kanji còn gọi là chữ Hán tự có nguồn gốc từ Trung Quốc nhưng cách dùng rất khac tiếng Trung Quốc . Trong văn bản tiếng Nhật thường thường chữ Kanji không được phiên âm cách đọc, mà chỉ được phiên âm các chữ Hán cổ quá khó, hoặc phiên âm cho sách dùng cho người học tiếng Nhật
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